What Differentiates Dielectric Oxides and Solid Electrolytes on the Pathway toward More Efficient Energy Storage?

Taking advantage of electrode thicknesses well beyond conventional dimensions allowed us to follow the surface plasmonic THz frequency phenomenon with vacuum wavelengths 100 μm 1 mm, only scrutinize them within millimeters-thicknesses insulators. Here, we analyze an Al/insulator/Cu cell in which metal electrodes-collectors were separated by a gap that was alternatively filled SiO2, MgO, Li2O, Na3Zr2Si2PO12–NASICON, Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3–LAGP, and Li2.99Ba0.005ClO–Li+ glass. A comparison drawn using experimental chemical potentials, cyclic voltammetry (I-V plots), impedance spectroscopy, theoretical approaches such as structure optimization, simulation electronic band structures, work functions. The analysis reveals unexpected common emergency from cell’s materials align their potential, even operando when set discharge under external resistor 1842 Ω.cminsulator. very high capability electrodes vary potentials specific behavior among dielectric oxides solid electrolytes identified. Whereas LAGP Li2O behaved p-type semiconductors below 40 °C at OCV while agreement Li+ diffusion direction, NASICON quasi n-type semiconductor OCV, discharge. capacity behave may be related ionic conductivity mobile ion. ferroelectric Li2.99Ba0.005ClO has shown plasmon polariton (SPP) waves form propagating solitons, complex phenomena, electrodes’ inversion capabilities (i.e., χ (Al) − (Cu) > 0 < vs. Evacuum = eV) self-charge (ΔVcell ≥ +0.04 V Ω.cminsulator resistor). multivalent 5.5 mm thick layer one display potential bulk difference 1.1 V. lessons learned this pave way understanding designing more efficient energy harvesting storage devices.